A. Question Tags
We usually use question tags in conversation and informal writing. A question tag consists of two words. We put them at the end of a statement to make a question. After a positive statement, we use a negative tag.
Examples:
- You go to school, don’t you?
- There’s a clock in the class, isn’t there?
After a negative statement, we use a positive tag.
Examples:
- Manokwari isn’t in Sulawesi, is it?
- You shouldn’t eat chilies, should you?
Question Tag disebut juga mini question karena susunannya yang sangat pendek. Cara membuat question tag adalah terlebih dahulu melihat kalimat yang dijadikan patokan. Bila kalimat tersebut merupakan kalimat positif, maka question tag-nya berbentuk negatif dan bila kalimatnya berbentuk negatif, maka question tag-nya berbentuk positif.
A positive sentence à a negative question tag
A negative sentence à a positive question tag
| | Positive | + negative | Negative | + positive |
| with “be” | I’m right, Kajol’s from India, You were there, I was late, | aren’t I? isn’t she? weren’t you? wasn’t I? | I’m not wrong, Ann isn’t from India, You weren’t there, I wasn’t late, | am I? is she? were you? was I? |
| Simple Present | You like music, Pat loves reading, | don’t you? doesn’t she? | They don’t play tennis, Tom doesn’t know, | do they? does he? |
| Simple Past | Tim talked to you, Via went to Bali, | didn’t he? didn’t she? | The boys didn’t swim, The children didn’t cry, | did they? did they? |
| Present Continuous | It’s raining, The girls are going, | isn’t it? aren’t they? | Yuda isn’t studying, The dog isn’t sleeping, | is he? is it? |
| with “should” | Jim should leave soon, | shouldn’t he? | Lia shouldn’t be angry, | should she? |
| with “there” | There’s a chair in your room, | isn’t there? | There aren’t any books in your bag, | aren’t there? |
Untuk have/has + V3 tag-nya adalah have/has
Untuk have/has + selain V3 (misalnya: kata benda seperti a cute doll, much money, dsb) tag-nya adalah do/does
B. Direct / Indirect Speech
We use indirect speech when we report what people said. In indirect speech, the tense usually goes ‘one step’ back. Look at the table below.
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| Simple Present Tense “I always go to school.” | Simple Past Tense She said that she always went to school. |
| Present Continuous “I’m doing my homework.” | Past Continuous She said that she was doing her homework. |
| Simple Past / Present Perfect “I did not do my test well.” “I have sent an email.” | Past Perfect Se said that she had not done her test well. She said that she had sent an email. |
| Modals “I’ll see you at the party.” “I can tell stories in English.” “You must be careful.” | Modals She said that she would see me at the party. She said that she could tell stories in English. She said that I had to be careful. |
Be careful when you see tell and say. Tell always needs a direct object while say always needs an indirect object.
| Incorrect | Correct |
| She told to me… | She told me… |
| She said me… | She said… |
C. Passive Voice
a. Simple Present
Read the following sentences:
- Newspapers are published everyday.
- The subscription is paid monthly.
1. We use the passive voice when we want to focus on the person or thing affected by the action, rather than on the ‘doer’ of the action.
2. We use be + past participle to from the sentence.
b. Simple Past
Read the following sentences:
- The book was printed in Singapore.
- The novels were translated into many languages.
1. We use the passive voice when we want to focus on the person or thing affected by the action in the past, rather than on the ‘doer’ of the action.
2. We use was / were + past participle to form the past passive.
D. Comparison Degree
Comparatives and superlatives are special forms of adjectives. They are used to compare two or more things. Generally, comparatives are formed using –er and superlatives are formed using –est. This page will explain the rules for forming regular comparatives and superlatives, and also show some basic ways of using them.
How these forms are created depends on how many syllables are there in the adjective. Syllables are like “sound beats”. For instance, “sing” contains one syllable, but “singing” contains two – sing and ing. Here are the rules.
| Adjective Form | Comparatives | Superlatives |
| Only one syllable, ending in E Ex: wide, fine, cute | Add -r: wider, finer, cuter | Add –st: widest, finest, cutest |
| Only one syllable, with one vowel and one consonant at the end Ex: hot, big, fat | Double the consonant and add –er: hotter, bigger, fatter | Double the consonant and add –est: hottest, biggest, fattest |
| Only one syllable, with more than one vowel or more than one consonant at the end Ex: light, neat, fast | Add –er: lighter, neater, faster | Add –est: lightest, nestest, fastest |
| Two syllables, ending in Y Ex: happy, silly, lonely | Change Y to I, then add –er: happier, sillier, lonelier | Change Y to I, than add –est: happiest, silliest, loneliest |
| Two syllables or more not ending Y Ex: modern, interesting, beautiful | Use “more” before the adjective: more modern, more interesting, more beautiful | Use “most” before the adjective: most modern, most interesting, most beautiful |
Comparatives are used to compare two things. You can use sentences with “than”, or you can use a conjunction like “but”.
Ex:
- Jiro is taller than Yukio
- Yukio is tall, but Jiro is taller
Superlatives are used to compare more than two things. Superlatives sentences usually use “the”, because those is only superlative.
Ex:
- Masami is the tallest in the class
- Yukio is tall, and Jiro is taller, but Masami is the tallest
E. Present Perfect Tense
Study these sentences:
- Dorothy has killed the Wicked Witch of the East.
- How many people has Dorothy met on her adventure?
In the sentences above, we use present perfect tense to express things we have done in our lives or our achievement. We do not usually give the exact time.
Here is the pattern:
| Positive | Short Forms | Negative |
| I/You have worked. | I/You’ve worked. | I/You haven’t worked. |
| She/He/It has worked. | She/He/It’s worked. | She/He/It hasn’t worked. |
| We/They have worked. | We/They’ve worked. | We/They haven’t worked. |
| Questions | Short Answers | |
| Have I/you worked? | Yes, I have. | No, you haven’t. |
| Has she/he/it worked? | Yes, she/he /it has. | No, she/he/it hasn’t. |
| Have we/they worked? | Yes, we/they have. | No, we/they haven’t. |
We often use present perfect with “already” and “yet”.
Examples:
- The cyclone has already stopped.
- Dorothy hasn’t met the Wizard of Oz yet.
We use already to say that something has happened. Already is usually placed before the past participle.
We use yet to say that something hasn’t happened. Yet is usually placed at the end of the sentence.
F. Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense mirip dengan Present Perfect Tense hanya saja beda di waktunya saja. Present Perfect Tense mengenai suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang selesai (sempurna, perfect) saat ini, contohnya: She has just gone (Dia baru saja pergi).
Past Perfect Tense adalah bentuk lampau (Past) dari Present Perfect Tense itu, makanya disebut Past Perfect Tense. Kalau Present Perfect Tense menggunakan rumus S + Have/has + V3 maka Past Perfect Tense menggunakan bentuk lampau dari Has/has yaitu “Had”.
Rumus Past Perfect Tense:
(+) S + had + V3
( -) S + had + not + V3
(?) Had + S + V3
Past Perfect Tense sering digunakan dengan menggunakan kalimat lain yang berbentuk lampau (Past Tense) yang dihubungan dengan kata sambung seperti When (ketika), After (setelah) untuk menekankan bahwa Perfectnya (Sudahnya) itu adalah di masa lampau.
Contoh kejadiannya seperti ini:
“Kemarin dia berangkat ke rumahku pagi-pagi benar, tetapi waktu ia sampai saya sudah pergi”.
Lihatlah “sudah pergi” nya itu kan Perfect. Anda ingat pelajaran tentang Present Perfect Tense bahwa “sudah” itu adalah ciri-cirinya. Hanya saja “sudah” nya itu adalah kemarin (lampau). Itulah mengapa dalam kejadian ini kita menggunakan Past Perfect Tense.
Contoh kalimatnya:
I had gone when he arrived at my home.
I had gone when he arrived at my home.
“I had gone” adalah Past Perfect Tense, dengan subjectnya adalah I. Lihat ada “had” nya, dan kata kerja bentuk ketiganya (V3) adalah gone. Sesuai rumusnya S + had + V3. Kalimat pembandingnya adalah bentuk past tense: “When He arrived at my home”.
Contoh kalimat lainnya:
I had written 3 articles when you visited my blog for the first time.
Jadi Past Perfect Tense adalah tentang “Sudah, masa lalu”. Present Perfect Tense tentang “Sudah, kini”. Rumusnya mirip, karena sama-sama Perfect. Setiap Perfect pasti pakai kata kerja bentuk ke-3 baik itu pada Kata Kerja utamanya atau pada kata kerja bantu-nya.
Contoh kalimat lain dalam Past Perfect Tense:
- I had studied hard but I didn’t make good result in the exam.
- You had told me twice before I understood.
Past Perfect Tense dalam kalimat negatif gampang saja, tinggal tambah NO setelah “Had”.
Contoh berikut telah disederhanakan:
- I had not studied hard, so I didn’t make good result
- You had not told me that, that’s why I didn’t understand
Past Perfect Tense dalam kalimat tanya tinggal dibalik, “Had” nya di depan. Rumusnya kan: Had + S + V3
Contohnya:
-Had you studied hard …?
-Had you told me …?
G. Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronoun (kata ganti tak tentu) digunakan jika orang yang diwakili oleh kata ganti tersebut tidak diketahui identitasnya.
Anybody, everybody, somebody, nobody digunakan untuk menggantikan orang.
Contoh:
Somebody was practicing badminton in the hall last night.
Nobody was running yesterday evening.
Somebody mengacu pada satu orang yang tidak diketahui identitasnya.
Contoh: Somebody took my pen.
Everybody mengacu pada sekumpulan orang yang tidak diketahui identitasnya.
Contoh: Everybody came to my party.
Anybody biasanya digunakan dalam kalimat tanya dan kalimat pernyataan negatif.
Contoh: Did anybody see Sarita? I did not see anybody in the gym.
Nobody adalah bentuk negative dari somebody.
Contoh: Nobody saw me train in the gym.
H. V1, V2, & V3
a. Regular Verbs
| No. | V1 | V2 | V3 | Meaning |
| 1 | Ask | Asked | Asked | Bertanya |
| 2 | Call | Called | Called | Memanggil |
| 3 | Cheat | Cheated | Cheated | Menipu |
| 4 | Dance | Danced | Danced | Berdansa |
| 5 | Fix | Fixed | Fixed | Memperbaiki |
| 6 | Kick | Kicked | Kicked | Menyepak |
| 7 | Open | Opened | Opened | Membuka |
| 8 | Play | Played | Played | Bermain |
| 9 | Rebel | Rebelled | Rebelled | Memberontak |
| 10 | Yell | Yelled | Yelled | Berteriak |
b. Irregular Verbs
| No. | V1 | V2 | V3 | Meaning |
| 1 | Awake | Awoke | Awoke | Bangun |
| 2 | Bite | Bit | Bitten | Menggigit |
| 3 | Come | Came | Come | Datang |
| 4 | Cut | Cut | Cut | Memotong |
| 5 | Fight | Fought | Fought | Berkelahi |
| 6 | Forget | Forgot | Forgotten | Melupakan |
| 7 | Go | Went | Gone | Pergi |
| 8 | Pay | Paid | Paid | Membayar |
| 9 | Run | Ran | Run | Berlari |
| 10 | Write | Wrote | Written | Menulis |
I. Simple Present Tense
Dalam bahasa Inggris Present Tense atau Simple Present Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kejadian, kegiatan, aktivitas dan sebagainya yang terjadi saat ini. Present Tense juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu fakta, atau sesuatu yang tejadi berulang-ulang dimasa kini. Ingat, Present artinya adalah kini, sekarang.
Rumusnya:
(+) S + V1 (s/es)
(+) S + V1 (s/es)
( -) S + Do/Does + not + V1
(?) Do/Does + S + V1
Contoh Kalimat Positif:
· I drink coffee
· She drinks coffee
· We drink coffee
Cara Membaca Rumus:
S artinya Subject. V1 artinya Verb1 atau kata kerja bentuk pertama. Garis miring artinya Atau.
Kapan pakai S atau ES dan kapan tidak?
Kalau Subjectnya He, She, It, John, Mufli, Ellen atau Orang ketiga Tunggal maka kata kerjanya tambah S atau ES. Tidak sembarang tambah S atau ES juga nih, ada daftarnya. Anda musti beli buku Grammar juga.
Di atas tadi ada istilah Orang Ketiga Tunggal, maksudnya gini: Orang ketiga adalah orang yang kita bicarakan, yang kita omongin. Sedangkan orang pertama yang bicara. Orang kedua lawan bicara. Tunggal ya satu. Jadi orang ketiga tunggal adalah orang yang kita bicarakan dan satu saja dia itu. Misalnya kita berdua ngomongin John Scoping. Yang ngomong saya, yang dengar Anda, yang dibicarakan John Scoping (orang ketiga tunggal).
Contoh:
John Scoping belajar Inggris.
John Scoping learns english.
Tidak bisa LearnES, mengapa? Ya memang begitu!. Tetapi yang ini malah tambah ES:
John Scoping goes to School (tambah ES).
Bentuk negatif Present Tense, artinya menyatakan Tidak. Maka sesuai rumus Present Tense, setelah SUBJECT ditambah DO atau DOES, baru NOT, lalu tambah kata kerja bentuk pertama tanpa S atau ES lagi. S atau ES nya dimana? Sudah di doES tadi.
Untuk I, WE, YOU, THEY tambah DO
Untuk SHE, HE, IT, Mufli, Ellen tambah DOES
Contoh:
I do not drink coffee.
She does not drink coffee.
John Scoping does not learn english.
Coba perhatikan She does not drink coffee. Drink nya tidak pake S lagi, pindah ke doES. Biasakan saja, Present Simple Tense ini sepertinya rumit tetapi kalau faham maka enak banget.
Kalimat tanya untuk Present Tense sesuai rumus diatas seperti ini:
(?) Do/Does + S + V1
Sama saja pasangannya. Untuk I, WE, YOU, THEY gunakan DO. Untuk SHE, HE, IT, Mufli, Ellen gunakan DOES.
Contohnya begini:
- Kalimat positifnya: I drink coffee
Kalimat tanya menjadi: DO you drink cofee?
- Kalimat positif: She drinks coffe
Kalimat tanya: DOES She drink coffee?
Kalimat tanya seperti diatas disebut juga YES/NO Question. Karena jawabannya memang Yes atau No. Do You drink coffee? “Yes I do” jawabnya. Atau bisa bisa dijawab dengan lengkap: “Yes, I do drink coffee”. Dihilangkan DO nya juga boleh, menjadi kalimat positif lagi: “Yes I drink coffee”.
Nah, kalau tadi kan Kalimat Tanya Present Tense yang jawabannya Yes atau No doang. Gimana kalau pertanyaan yang jawabannya panjang atau yang jawabannya kalimat? Yah, tinggal tambahkan saja When, Where, Why, Who, What, dsb di depannya.
Contohnya begini:
- When Do you drink coffee?
I drink coffee everyday.
- What does she drink?
She drinks coffee.
J. Present Continuous
The positive form:
| I | am | studying. having dinner. giving the teacher books. |
| He/She/It | is | |
| You/We/They | are |
The negative form:
| I | am | not | studying. having dinner. giving the teacher books. |
| He/She/It | is | ||
| You/We/They | are |
The question form:
| Am | I | studying? having dinner? giving the teacher books? |
| Is | he/she/it | |
| Are | you/we/they |
We use the Present Continuous:
- When somebody is doing something at this moment.
Ex: My parents are taking a nap.
- When something is happening at this moment.
Ex: It’s raining
- When we talk about people’s activities at the photographs.
Ex: Look at this photo. Who is that boy sitting next to you? He is trying to put something into your bag.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar